BMime or artistic gesture without systematic grammar
CFully-fledged natural languages with complex grammar, independent of any spoken language
DA second-rate alternative to spoken language
Sign languages are independent natural languages with systematic phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. They have dialects, evolve over time, and are learned natively by deaf children. Linguistic analysis shows complexity equal to spoken languages. They're not codes for spoken language or mere gesture.
Question 2 Multiple Choice
A unique feature of sign language morphology compared to most spoken languages is:
ASign languages lack morphology entirely
BSign languages can express multiple morphemes simultaneously (e.g., hand position, hand shape, movement all conveying grammatical information at once)
CSign languages only express morphology through word order
DSign languages use sounds for morphology, unlike spoken languages
Sign languages exploit the visual-spatial modality's simultaneous capacity. While spoken language is linear (morphemes in sequence), signed language can layer morphological information across hand shape, position, movement, and non-manual markers simultaneously. This is a modality-specific advantage, not present in speech.
Question 3 True / False
Non-manual markers in sign language (facial expressions, head tilts, body position) are primarily emotional expression, not part of grammar.
TTrue
FFalse
Answer: False
Non-manual markers are grammatically meaningful. A particular facial expression marks questions; another marks conditionals. Body position indicates topic; head tilt indicates relative clauses. Non-manuals are integrated into grammar, not merely expressive. This is a systematic, grammatical system.
Question 4 True / False
Classifier predicates in sign language are a limitation compared to spoken language, because they are concrete and specific rather than abstract.
TTrue
FFalse
Answer: False
Classifiers are a feature, not a limitation. They allow expressive, specific descriptions while maintaining grammatical systematicity. Classifiers show how sign languages exploit visual-spatial modality for linguistic expression. The same grammatical function is expressed differently in spoken vs. signed language.
Question 5 Short Answer
Explain why the existence and structure of sign languages has profound implications for linguistic theory, particularly for theories that assume language is inherently spoken.
Think about your answer, then reveal below.
Model answer: Sign languages demonstrate that language is not tied to speech or auditory modality. Grammar emerges in visual-spatial modality with different but equally complex structure. This refutes theories claiming speech is essential to language. It shows that language is organized by abstract principles applicable across modalities. This expands linguistic theory beyond spoken-language assumptions.
Sign language linguistics pushed linguistics beyond spoken-language-centric theories. Understanding that language is modality-independent fundamentally changed how linguists think about universal principles, language acquisition, and the relationship between cognition and modality.