Parallel Resonance Characteristics

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resonance parallel-circuits frequency-response

Core Idea

In a parallel RLC circuit, resonance also occurs at ω₀ = 1/√(LC), but with opposite characteristics: impedance is maximum, current is minimum, and the circuit presents maximum impedance to the source. Parallel resonance is used in tank circuits for oscillators, AM radio tuners, and notch filters. At resonance, the reactive currents in the inductor and capacitor are equal and opposite, circulating internally.

Explainer

From your study of impedance and admittance, you know that capacitors and inductors respond oppositely to frequency — a capacitor's impedance falls with frequency (Z_C = 1/jωC) while an inductor's rises (Z_L = jωL). This creates a frequency where their effects exactly cancel. The behavior at that cancellation point is what resonance is about, and whether the components are in series or parallel determines whether cancellation means maximum or minimum impedance.

In a parallel RLC circuit, the resistor, inductor, and capacitor all share the same terminal voltage. The total admittance of the parallel combination is Y = 1/R + 1/jωL + jωC. At resonance, the imaginary parts of the admittance cancel: the inductive susceptance 1/jωL and the capacitive susceptance jωC sum to zero when ω₀ = 1/√(LC) — the same resonant frequency as series resonance. But the circuit-level consequence is the opposite: at resonance, total admittance equals just 1/R, which is *minimum* admittance and therefore *maximum* impedance. A parallel resonant circuit looks like a large resistor to an external source at the resonant frequency, drawing minimum current from that source.

The physical reason is energy storage and circulation. At resonance, the inductor and capacitor exchange energy back and forth in a closed loop — current swings from flowing through the inductor to flowing through the capacitor each half-cycle, with no net reactive current drawn from the external source. This circulating current can be much larger than the source current; the quality factor Q = R/ω₀L = ω₀RC measures how much larger. A high-Q parallel resonant circuit (often called a tank circuit) stores energy efficiently, oscillating with little loss per cycle. The bandwidth — the frequency range over which the impedance remains near its peak — is BW = ω₀/Q, the inverse of Q. High Q means narrow bandwidth and sharp frequency selectivity.

This selectivity is what makes parallel resonance practically powerful. An AM radio tuner uses a variable capacitor in a parallel LC circuit: adjusting C shifts ω₀ to match a station's carrier frequency, at which point the tank circuit presents high impedance and passes the selected signal preferentially. A notch filter exploits the same property in reverse: by placing the parallel resonant circuit in a shunt path, maximum impedance at resonance is avoided, and frequencies near resonance are blocked. Oscillator circuits use the tank circuit's energy storage to sustain oscillation — the capacitor and inductor naturally trade energy at ω₀, and a small amplifier replaces the losses. In every case, the key parameters are the resonant frequency ω₀ and the quality factor Q, which together determine where the circuit's behavior is centered and how sharply it discriminates against other frequencies.

Practice Questions 5 questions

Prerequisite Chain

Counting to 10Counting to 20Understanding ZeroThe Number ZeroCounting to FiveOne-to-One CorrespondenceCombining Small Groups Within 5Addition Within 10Addition Within 20Two-Digit Addition Without RegroupingTwo-Digit Addition with RegroupingAddition Within 100Repeated Addition as MultiplicationMultiplication Facts Within 100Division as Equal SharingDivision as Grouping (Measurement Division)Division: Grouping (Repeated Subtraction) ModelDivision: Fair Sharing ModelDivision as Equal SharingDivision as GroupingBasic Division FactsDivision Facts Within 100Two-Digit by One-Digit DivisionDivision with RemaindersRemainders and Quotients in DivisionDivision Word ProblemsIntroduction to Long DivisionFactors and MultiplesPrime and Composite NumbersEquivalent FractionsRelating Fractions and DecimalsDecimal Place ValueReading and Writing DecimalsComparing and Ordering DecimalsAdding and Subtracting DecimalsMultiplying DecimalsDividing DecimalsDividing FractionsMixed Number ArithmeticOrder of OperationsInteger Order of OperationsVariable ExpressionsCombining Like TermsOne-Step EquationsTwo-Step EquationsSolving Multi-Step EquationsEquations with Variables on Both SidesAngle Pairs: Complementary, Supplementary, and VerticalParallel Lines and TransversalsCorresponding AnglesAlternate Interior AnglesTriangle Angle Sum TheoremExterior Angle TheoremTriangle Inequality TheoremSimilar Triangles: AA SimilaritySimilar Triangles: SSS and SAS SimilarityProportions in Similar TrianglesRight Triangle Trigonometry IntroductionTrigonometric Ratios ReviewRadian MeasureConverting Between Degrees and RadiansThe Unit CircleGraphing Sine and CosineGraphing Tangent and Reciprocal Trigonometric FunctionsDerivatives of Trigonometric FunctionsAntiderivativesIterated Integrals and Fubini's TheoremDouble Integrals in Cartesian CoordinatesDouble Integrals over Rectangular RegionsDouble Integrals in Polar CoordinatesDouble Integrals: Definition and SetupIterated Integrals and Fubini's TheoremDouble Integrals over Rectangular RegionsDouble Integrals over General RegionsApplications of Double Integrals: Area, Mass, and MomentsCenter of MassConservation of Linear MomentumElastic CollisionsInelastic CollisionsCoefficient of RestitutionCollision Analysis and Real-World ApplicationsTwo-Body Collisions in the Center-of-Mass FrameReduced Mass and Two-Body ProblemsKinematics in Two DimensionsProjectile MotionCircular Motion: KinematicsCircular Motion: Dynamics and Centripetal ForceMagnetic Dipole Moment from Current LoopsForce on Current-Carrying Conductors in Magnetic FieldsBiot-Savart LawAmpère's LawMagnetic Flux and Electromagnetic InductionFaraday's Law of Electromagnetic InductionLenz's LawInductance and InductorsCircuit Variables and Ideal Circuit ElementsAC Sources and Phasor RepresentationPhasor Algebra and Complex ImpedanceImpedance and Admittance in AC NetworksParallel Resonance Characteristics

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