Magnetic Force on Current-Carrying Wires

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Core Idea

Force on a wire segment carrying current I in field B is dF = I(dL × B). For straight wire of length L: F = IL × B. Parallel currents attract; antiparallel currents repel. Force per unit length between parallel wires defines ampere.

Explainer

You already know that a moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force F⃗ = qv⃗ × B⃗. A current-carrying wire is simply a collection of moving charges — the conduction electrons drifting along the conductor. To find the force on a small wire segment, count the charge dq passing through length dL in time dt: since I = dq/dt, the force on that segment is dF⃗ = dq(v⃗ × B⃗) = I(dL⃗ × B⃗). Integrating along the wire gives the total magnetic force. This is not a new law — it is the Lorentz force applied to bulk current.

For a straight wire of length L carrying current I in a uniform field B⃗, the force simplifies to F⃗ = IL⃗ × B⃗, where L⃗ points in the direction of current flow. The magnitude is F = ILB sinθ, where θ is the angle between the wire and the field. Maximum force occurs when the wire is perpendicular to B⃗; no force acts when current flows parallel to the field. The direction follows the right-hand rule: point fingers along the current, curl toward B⃗, and the thumb points in the force direction.

The interaction between two parallel wires follows from combining this with Ampere's law. Wire 1 creates a magnetic field that circles around it; at the location of wire 2, this field is directed perpendicularly to wire 2. Applying dF = I dL × B to wire 2 reveals that if the currents run in the same direction, the force pulls the wires together; opposite currents push them apart. You can verify this using the right-hand rule for both the B field of wire 1 and the force on wire 2.

The force per unit length between two parallel wires separated by distance d carrying currents I₁ and I₂ is F/L = μ₀I₁I₂/(2πd). This formula has a distinguished history: it was used to define the ampere — historically, one ampere was defined as the current that, in each of two parallel wires one meter apart, produces a force of 2 × 10⁻⁷ N per meter. (Modern SI redefined the ampere in terms of the elementary charge, but the physics is unchanged.) This makes the magnetic force between current-carrying wires not just a lab curiosity but a foundational metrological standard.

Practice Questions 5 questions

Prerequisite Chain

Counting to 10Counting to 20Understanding ZeroThe Number ZeroCounting to FiveOne-to-One CorrespondenceCombining Small Groups Within 5Addition Within 10Addition Within 20Two-Digit Addition Without RegroupingTwo-Digit Addition with RegroupingAddition Within 100Repeated Addition as MultiplicationMultiplication Facts Within 100Division as Equal SharingDivision as Grouping (Measurement Division)Division: Grouping (Repeated Subtraction) ModelDivision: Fair Sharing ModelDivision as Equal SharingDivision as GroupingBasic Division FactsDivision Facts Within 100Two-Digit by One-Digit DivisionDivision with RemaindersRemainders and Quotients in DivisionDivision Word ProblemsIntroduction to Long DivisionFactors and MultiplesPrime and Composite NumbersEquivalent FractionsRelating Fractions and DecimalsDecimal Place ValueReading and Writing DecimalsComparing and Ordering DecimalsAdding and Subtracting DecimalsMultiplying DecimalsDividing DecimalsDividing FractionsMixed Number ArithmeticOrder of OperationsInteger Order of OperationsVariable ExpressionsCombining Like TermsOne-Step EquationsTwo-Step EquationsSolving Multi-Step EquationsEquations with Variables on Both SidesAngle Pairs: Complementary, Supplementary, and VerticalParallel Lines and TransversalsCorresponding AnglesAlternate Interior AnglesTriangle Angle Sum TheoremExterior Angle TheoremTriangle Inequality TheoremSimilar Triangles: AA SimilaritySimilar Triangles: SSS and SAS SimilarityProportions in Similar TrianglesRight Triangle Trigonometry IntroductionTrigonometric Ratios ReviewRadian MeasureConverting Between Degrees and RadiansThe Unit CircleGraphing Sine and CosineGraphing Tangent and Reciprocal Trigonometric FunctionsDerivatives of Trigonometric FunctionsAntiderivativesIterated Integrals and Fubini's TheoremDouble Integrals in Cartesian CoordinatesDouble Integrals over Rectangular RegionsDouble Integrals in Polar CoordinatesDouble Integrals: Definition and SetupIterated Integrals and Fubini's TheoremDouble Integrals over Rectangular RegionsDouble Integrals over General RegionsApplications of Double Integrals: Area, Mass, and MomentsCenter of MassConservation of Linear MomentumElastic CollisionsInelastic CollisionsCoefficient of RestitutionCollision Analysis and Real-World ApplicationsTwo-Body Collisions in the Center-of-Mass FrameReduced Mass and Two-Body ProblemsKinematics in Two DimensionsProjectile MotionCircular Motion: KinematicsCircular Motion: Dynamics and Centripetal ForceMagnetic Dipole Moment from Current LoopsForce on Current-Carrying Conductors in Magnetic FieldsBiot-Savart LawAmpère's LawMagnetic Flux and Electromagnetic InductionFaraday's Law of Electromagnetic InductionLenz's LawInductance and InductorsCircuit Variables and Ideal Circuit ElementsKirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)Current Divider PrincipleKirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)Series and Parallel Resistor NetworksSeries and Parallel Capacitor NetworksTransient Response in RC CircuitsLorentz Force on Moving Electric ChargesMagnetic Force on Current-Carrying Wires

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